Carbon Company Profile

Aggregated data from the web about Carbon

Company Name	Carbon
Website	https://www.britannica.com
Snippet	WebJan 5, 2024 · Carbon, chemical element that forms more compounds than all the other elements combined. Carbon is widely distributed in coal and in the compounds that make up petroleum, natural gas, and plant and animal tissue. The carbon cycle is one of the most important of all biological processes.
	0096, 12.011±0.002 (abridged)[2]
11C	synth
12C	98.9%
13C	1.06%
14C	1 ppt (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1⁄1012)
Block	p-block
Group	group 14 (carbon group)
Period	period 2
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians[14] (3750 BCE)
Allotropes	graphite, diamond and more (see Allotropes of carbon)
Appearance	graphite: black, metallic-looking, diamond: clear
CAS Number	atomic carbon: 7440-44-0, graphite: 7782-42-5, diamond: 7782-40-3
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa[10]
Phase at STP	solid
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa[5][6]
Main isotopes	Main isotopesDecayabundancehalf-life (t1/2)modeproduct11Csynth20.34 minβ+11B12C98.9%stable13C1.06%stable14C1 ppt (.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}1⁄1012)5.70×103 yβ−14N
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 diamond: 10
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1[10]
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa[10]
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pmsp2: 73 pmsp: 69 pm
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa[10]
Lattice constant	a = 356.707 pm(at 20 °C)[3]
Oxidation states	−4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[7] +2, +3,[8] +4[9] (a mildly acidic oxide)
Atomic number (Z)	6
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic (cF8)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Lattice constants	a = 246.14 pmc = 670.94 pm(at 20 °C)[3]
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic[12]
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m⋅K) (at 25 °C)[10]
Natural occurrence	primordial
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.266 g/cm3[3][4] diamond: 3.515 g/cm3 amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3
Electrons per shell	2, 4
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol, 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol, 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol, (more)
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
Thermal conductivity	graphite: 119–165 W/(m⋅K) diamond: 900–2300 W/(m⋅K)
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ⋅m[11]
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier[15] (1789)
Molar magnetic susceptibility	diamond: −5.9×10−6 cm3/mol[13]

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